Hawley Center

Turabian - Works Cited Entries

When using the Turabian style of documentation to cite internet sources, place a superscript number after each quotation, paraphrase, or summary. "Citations are numbered sequentially throughout the text, and each citation corresponds to a numbered note containing publication information about the source cited." If you place these notes at the end of your paper, they are called endnotes, and if you place them at the foot of each page, they are called footnotes.

Although the note references in your endnotes or footnotes include all the information necessary to verify or retrieve a citation, you may also include a Bibliography (an alphabetized list of sources used) at the end of your paper. Ask your professor if he or she would like both endnotes or footnotes and a Bibliography if you are unsure about whether to include one with your paper. If you do include a Bibiography with your paper, it will differ from your note references in three ways: the authors' names are inverted, the elements of entries are separated by periods, and the first line of each entry is flush with the left margin, with subsequent lines indented three or four spaces. All of the models in this handout are models of endnotes or footnotes, not bibliography entries.

World Wide Web sites

To document a file available for viewing and downloading via the World Wide Web, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • title of document, in quotation marks
  • title of complete work (if applicable), in italics or underlined
  • date of publication or last revision (if known - otherwise use n.d. or  "no  date")
  • URL, in angle brackets
  • date of access, in parentheses


1. Jonathan G. Harris, "The Return of the Witch Hunts," Witchhunt Information Page, n.d., <http://liquid2-sun.mit.edu/fells.short.html> (28 May 1996).

Email message

To document an email message, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • author's email address, in angle brackets
  • subject line from posting, in quotation marks
  • date of publication
  • type of communication (personal email, distribution list, office communication)
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. Norman Franke, <frankel@llnl.gov> "SoundApp 2.0.2," 29 April 1996, personal email (3 May 1996).

HyperNews posting

To document a HyperNews posting, provide the following information:

  • author's name
  • author's email address, in angle brackets
  • subject line or title of posting, in quotation marks
  • date of publication
  • type of message (if appropriate)
  • URL, in angle brackets
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. Daniel LaLiberte, <liberte@ncsa.uiuc.edu> "Hypernews Instructions," 23 May 1996, <http://union.ncsa.uiuc.edu/HyperNews/get/hypernews/instructions.html> (24 May 1996).

Listserv message

To document a listserv message, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • author's email address, in angle brackets
  • subject line from posting, in quotation marks
  • date of publication
  • address of listserv, in angle brackets
  • date of access, in parentheses


1. Victor Parente, <vrparent@mailbox.syr.edu> "On Expectations of Class Participation," 27 May 1996, <philosed@sued.syr.edu> (29 May 1996).

Note: To document a file that can be retrieved from a list's server or Web address, provide the following information after the publication date:

  • address of listserv, in angle brackets
  • address of URL for list's archive, preceded by via and enclosed in angle brackets.
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. Nick Carbone, <nickc@english.umass.edu> "NN 960126: Followup to Don's Comments about Citing URLs," 26 January 1996, <acw-l@unicorn.acs.ttu.edu> via <http://www.ttu.edu/lists/acw-l> (17 February 1996).

Newsgroup message

To document information posted in a newsgroup discussion, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • author's email address, in angle brackets
  • subject line from posting, in quotation marks
  • date of publication
  • name of newsgroup, in angle brackets
  • date of access, in parentheses


1. Robert Slade, <res@maths.bath.ac.uk> "UNIX Made Easy," 26 March 1996, <alt.books.reviews> (31 March 1996).

Note: If you cannot determine the author's name, then use the author's email address, enclosed in angle brackets, as the main entry. When you alphabetize such sources in your Bibliography, treat the first letter of the email address as though it were capitalized.

2. <lrm583@aol.com> "Thinking of Adoption," 26 May 1996, <alt.adoption> (29 May 1996).

Synchronous communication

To document a synchronous communication, such as those posted in MOOs, MUDs, and IRCs, provide the following information:

  • name of speaker(s) (if known), or name of site
  • title of even (if appropriate), in quotation marks
  • date of event
  • type of communication (group discussion, personal interview), if not indicated elsewhere
  • in entry
  • address, using a URL (in angle brackets) or command-line directions
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. LambdaMOO, "Seminar Discussion on Netiquette," 28 May 1996,
<telnet://lambda.parc.xerox.edu:8888> (28 May 1996).

Telnet site

To document a telnet site or a file available via telnet, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • title of document (if known), in quotation marks
  • title of full work (if applicable), in italics or underlined
  • date of publication (if available), followed by a period
  • word telnet
  • complete telnet address, with no closing punctuation
  • directions for accessing document
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. Aquatic Conservation Network, "About the Aquatic Conservation Network," National Capital Freenet, no date. telnet freenet.carleton.ca login as guest, go acn, press 1 (28 May 1996).

FTP site

To document a file for downloading via file transfer protocol, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • title of document, in quotation marks
  • date of publication (if known)
  • abbreviation ftp
  • address of FTP site, with no closing punctuation
  • full path to follow to find document, with no closing punctuation
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. Ted W. Altar, "Vitamin B12 and Vegans," 14 January 1993, ftp wiretap.spies.com Library/Article/Food/b12.txt (28 May 1996).

Gopher site

To document information obtained by using the gopher search protocol, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • title of document, in quotation marks
  • any print publication information, italicized or underlined where appropriate
  • URL, in angle brackets
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. Charles A. Smith, "National Extension Model of Critical Parenting Practices," 1994, <gopher://tinman.mes.umn.edu:4242/11/Other/Other/NEM_Parent> (28 May 1996).

Note: To document the location of information using a gopher command-path format, give the following information instead of the URL:

  • word gopher
  • site name
  • path followed to access document, with slashes to indicate menu selections

2. "Commons Sense: A Viewer's Guide to the British House of Commons," no date, gopher c-span.org Transcripts and Publications/C-SPAN Publications/Commons Sense (29 May 1996).

Linkage data

To document a specific file and give linkage data showing its hypertext content, provide the following information:

  • author's name (if known)
  • title of document, in quotation marks
  • abbreviation lkd. ("linked from")
  • title of document to which file is linked, in italics or underlined
  • additional linkage information (if applicable), preceded by at
  • date of publication (if known)
  • URL for source document, in angle brackets
  • date of access, in parentheses

1. George H. Hoemann, "Electronic Style--Elements of Citation," lkd. Electronic Style Page, at "Continue" and "Citation Elements," 3 November 1995, <http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/-hoemann/style.html> (29 May 1996).

Footnotes & Endnotes | Works Cited Entries | Internet Sources

Last Updated: 11/18/11