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Hawley Academic Resource Center

Turabian Documentation Style

The Turabian style of documentation notes citations with raised numbers which correspond either to footnotes (listed at the bottom of each page) or to endnotes (listed at the end of the paper). In addition to footnotes and endnotes, your professor may also require a Works Cited list (bibliography) at the end of your paper. Note that in your endnotes or footnotes you do not indent second or third lines, etc. However, in your Works Cited page you do indent each line that comes after the first line (it looks like the opposite of a normal paragraph). If you are unsure about whether your professor would like you to include a Works Cited list with your paper, be sure to ask him/her. When using the Turabian style of documentation, number your pages at the bottom in the center or at the top right hand corner of each page. If you have a page with a major heading, place the page number at the bottom in the center. Do not number the title page with an arabic numeral (1, 2, 3, etc.); instead use a lowercase roman numeral (i).

Elements of Turabian Style Documentation

In the body of the paper, article titles are placed in quotation marks, while the titles of books and movies and the names of newspapers and magazines are italicized. Short quotes (three lines or fewer) are set in quotation marks, and longer quotes (more than three lines) are single-spaced and indented on both sides but are not set in quotation marks.

In endnotes, footnotes and the Works Cited page, italicize titles of books, movies, pamphlets, bulletins, newspapers, magazines, other periodicals, and long poems. Use quotation marks around titles of chapters or other divisions of books and around titles of short stories, short poems, essays, and articles.

If all the information in one of your paragraphs comes from one source, you do not need to footnote or endnote every individual sentence. If you have 2-4 sentences in a row paraphrased from one author, you can mark the beginning with a tag like "According to" and the end with a citation. If you have more than 4 sentences in a row, you may want to add another tag like "Johnson continues." 

Example: 
According to Reginald Brindle, the music was . . . (2 or 3 or more sentences from the same source) . . . Finally, the music developed into a higher form.1 

If you often have this problem, it is a sign that you are relying too much on your sources--not integrating them with other sources or your own ideas. Perhaps you need to do some rethinking and rewriting.

 

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