Footnotes and endnotes are formatted alike, but their placement in your paper differs. Choose either footnotes or endnotes, but not both. Place footnotes at the bottom of each page in which a reference appears; place endnotes all together in a list at the end of your paper. Arrange footnotes and endnotes in numerical order, not in alphabetical order. If you are quoting from the same work in two consecutive footnotes (when no other references come between them), use the abbreviation "Ibid." in the new entry (Ibid. refers to the work used just before). If the new entry is from the same work but from a different page, then use Ibid. plus the new page number.
Example:
2. John Doe, Apples and Oranges (New York: City University, 1999), 23.
3. Ibid., 35.
4. Ibid.
When references to the same work do not follow one another consecutively (when another reference comes between them), use the author's last name plus a page number in the new entry.
Example:
4. Julie Day, The Revolution in Mexico (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 40.
5. John Doe, Apples and Oranges (New York: City University, 1998), 23.
6. Day, 52. (No page# needed if the reference is to the same page as the previous note.)
If you have quoted from more than one work by the same author, use the last name plus the title.
Example:
1. John Doe, Apples and Oranges (New York: City University, 1999), 23.
2. John Doe, Pears and Bananas (New York: City University, 2000), 15.
3. Doe, Apples and Oranges 36.
1. 1 Cor. 13:1-13 NIV.
("NIV" stands for New International Version. The King James Version is assumed unless another is cited.)
2. Book of Modern Art (San Francisco: Smith, 1987), 72.
3. Julie Day, The Revolution in Mexico (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 40.
4. David Beach, Michael J. Hunt, and Mark Finch, Man in Crisis (New York: World Press, 1978), 108-113.
(For books with more than three authors, name the first author plus "and others" or "et al.": for example, "Martin Green and others," or "Martin Green et al.,")
5. Sara Andrews, ed., The World of the Future (New York: Ken K. Edel, 1972), 25.
6. Day, 52.
(No page# needed if the reference is to the same page as the previous note.)
7. Ibid., 54.
(No page# needed if the reference is to the same page as the previous note. Here "Ibid." refers to the book by Julie Day.)
8. Betty Muel, China, trans. Allison Hibbs (New York: Holmes, 1982), 100.
9. Mary Hickock, "The Domestic Life of Dogs," Companion Animals: A Study in Comparative Culture, ed. John Browne (New York: Scribner, 1980), 115.
10. John Andrews, "The Underside of Casablanca." chap. in The Films of Humphrey Bogart. (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), 84.
11. Dagobert D. Runes and Harry G. Schrickel, eds. Encyclopedia of the Arts (New York: Philosophical Library, 1946), s.v. "African Negro Art," by James A. Porter.
(s.v. means sub verbo, literally "under the word." After a comma, the "s" is in the lower case.)
Unsigned Encyclopedia Article
12. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1973 ed., s.v. "Photography."
13. Melissa R. Lobach, "Integrating Curriculum," The Reading Teacher 48 (1995): 522.
(In journals no mark of punctuation should separate the journal name and the volume number.)
14. David Lopez, Susan McLester, "Smart Choices for the ESL Classroom: Steps to English Language," Technology and Learning 14 (April 1994): 23.
15. Svetlana Alpers, "Post-Genius Venice," Art in America, March 1995, 62.
(If the article is in a weekly periodical, the date should look like this: 7 August 1993. Also note that, unlike journals, it is best to identify magazines of general interest by date and not by volume.)
16. "Pilot Calls for Help," New York Times, 8 June 1986, 13.
17. John Fowles, "A Conversation with John Fowles," interview by Robert Foulke (Lyme Regis, 3 April 1984), Salmagundi, no. 68-69 (Fall 1985-Winter 1986): 370.
Unpublished Interview
18. Laurence D. McElroy, interview by author, Tape recording, Indianola, Iowa, 24 January 1997.
Institution or Association, etc. as Author
19. American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division, Services Statement Development Committee, Directions for Library Service to Young Adults (Chicago: American Library Association, 1978), 25.
Dissertations
20. M.C. Jones, "The Aim of Academic Achievement" (Ph.D. diss., New York Univ. Press, 1975), 47.
Films
21. Chad Baily, dir. Muppets Live Performance (Hollywood: Paramount, 1980).
(If no director is listed, use the producer's name with prod. behind it.)
CD-ROMs
22. Robin Toner, "Senate Approves Welfare Plan," New York Times, 20 September 1995, national ed., A1, New York Times Ondisc [CD-ROM], UMI-Proquest, December 1995.
Note: For electronic sources, the print publication information should come first, if it is available (as shown in the example for the CD-ROM). If you do not have the print publication information or if the material has no printed source, just use the author's name (if available), the title of the particular item, the name and description of the source used (CD-ROM), the city of publication (if available), the vendor (UMI-Proquest), and the date of the material (if given). For information and examples regarding the citation of other electronic sources, such as world wide web pages and email, see the Turabian Internet Citation handout attached to the end of this handout.