Hawley Center

APA - References

The reference list at the end of the paper provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Only sources identified in the in-text citation should appear in the reference list and are listed alphabetically by the last name of the first author. Each entry usually contains the name of author, year of publication, title, and publishing data. The reference list must be double-spaced, and entries should have a hanging indent.

A Book by One Author

Rodriguez, R. (1982). A hunger of memory: The education of Richard

     Rodriguez. Boston: Godine.

A Book with Two or More Authors

Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B. (1979). Longitudinal research

     in the study of behavioral development. New York: Academic Press.

A Book with a Corporate Author

Lorenz Research, Inc. (1997). Research in social studies teaching.

     Baltimore: Arrow Books.

A Book with No Author or Editor

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1997).

     Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

An Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Paykel, E. S. (1974). Life stress and psychiatric disorder:

     Applications of the clinical approach. In B. S. Dohrenwend & B.

     P. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature and

     effects (pp. 239-264). New York: Wiley.

A Government Publication

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in

     serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679).

     Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.

An Interview

Since a reference list includes only references that document the article and provide recoverable data, do not include personal communications. Instead, cite personal communications only in text.

T. K. Lutes  stated in an interview (personal communication, April 18, 2001).

(V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998)

A Videotape, Recording, or Other Audiovisual Source

Spielberg. S. (Director). (1993). Schindler’s list [Motion picture].

     Los Angeles: Viacom.

Siberry, J. (1995). Caravan. On Maria [CD]. Burbank, CA: Reprise.

Periodicals: Journals, magazines, newspapers

An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination Throughout the Annual Volume

Emery, R. E. (1992). Marital turmoil: Interpersonal conflict and

     the children of divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330.

An Article in a Journal that Pages Issues Separately

Dacey, J. (1998). Management participation in corporate buy-outs.

     Management Perspectives, 7(4), 20-31.

An Article in a Magazine

Van Gelder, L. (1986, December). Countdown to motherhood: When

     should you have a baby? Ms., 37-39.

An Article in a Newspaper

Lewis, P. H. (1999, January 21). Many updates cause profitable

     confusion. The New York Times, pp. D1, D5.

Electronic and Internet Sources

Online articles should follow the same guidelines for printed articles.

LastName, First Initial. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title

     of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available).

     Retrieved from http:/www.urladdress.com

If you are referencing an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed or that includes additional data or commentaries, you will need to add the date you retrieved the document and the URL.

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements

     in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates.

     Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117–123. Retrieved

     October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

Non-Periodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report

To reference these types of online sources, please list as much of the information as possible. This includes author name(s), date of publication, tile of document, and retrieval date. If there is no publication date, utilize (n.d) for no date.

Wikis

The APA Style Guide to Electronic References states wikis (such as Wikipedia) are collaborative projects and are not verified as being expert entries.

OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d). Retrieved from the OLPC

     Wiki: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay

U.S. Government Report Available on Government Agency Web Site, No Publication Date Indicated

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of

     federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from

     http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm

E-mail

E-mail sent from one individual to another should be cited as a personal communication, which is not listed as part of the reference list.

Daily Newspaper Article, Electronic Version Available by Search

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most

     people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000,

     from http://www.nytimes.com

Report From a Private Organization, Available on Organization Web Site

Canarie, Inc. (1997, September 27). Towards a Canadian health IWAY:

     Vision, opportunities and future steps. Retrieved November 8,

     2000, from http://www.canarie.ca/press/publications/pdf/health/

     healthvision.doc

General Format | References List | Sample Pages

Last Updated: 11/18/11